
原文
Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge: it is those who know little, not those who know much, who so positively assert that this or that problem will never be sloved by science. — Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man
译文
无知才更容易滋生自信,学识反而次之:那些大言不惭地说科学绝对解决不了这个问题、那个问题的人,往往是胸无点墨的人,而非学识渊博的人。 ——查尔斯·达尔文,《人类的由来》
精读
beget
“beget”是动词,意思是“产生”、“引起”或“导致”,通常描述一个事物导致或产生另一个事物,特别是抽象概念或情感方面。这个单词很正式,很书面,很文。
例句及其中文翻译:
- Ignorance often begets fear. 无知常常带来恐惧。
- Their kindness begot gratitude in the hearts of those they helped. 他们的善举在受助者心中孕育了感激之情。
- The success of the project begot a series of similar initiatives. 这个项目的成功催生了一系列类似的倡议。
assert
“assert” 是动词,意思是“断言”、“坚称”或“主张”,通常用于表达一个人强烈而自信地表达观点或权利,强调了说话者的确信和坚定。
例句及其中文翻译:
- He asserted his innocence throughout the trial. 他在整个审判过程中坚称自己无罪。
- The company asserted its right to protect its intellectual property. 公司主张其保护知识产权的权利。
- She asserted that the new policy would benefit all employees. 她断言新政策将使所有员工受益。
语法
Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge.
接下来给大家讲一下这句话的语法。有一些内容是我个人的理解,而不是严谨的语法规则。在语法规则的部分,我会圈出来标注清楚。
这句话里,最明显的两个语法结构是“more than”比较结构和“does knowledge”助动词倒装结构。
先讲“more than”比较结构。
我个人习惯性地把一些结构统称为“平衡结构”,“more than”比较结构就是其中一种。
我所谓的“平衡结构”是什么意思呢?就是把一个句子结构想象成天平,天平的两边是相同的成分,如果一边是句子,另一边也是句子;如果一边是形容词作状语,另一边也是形容词作状语;如此类推。
这句话里,“than”是天平的支点,天平的左边是“ignorance begets confidence more frequently”,这是一个完整的句子。根据我朴素的“平衡结构”法则,天平的右边肯定也是完整的句子,而且已经告诉我们对应“ignorance”的主语是“knowledge”,那完整的句子就是“knowledge begets confidence”。
补足这个平衡结构,这句话就变成了“ignorance begets confidence more frequently than knowledge begets confidence.”
接下来就讲一下“does knowledge”这个倒装结构了。
从上面补足的这句话可以看出,这样写很累赘啰嗦,有两个begets,有两个confidence。所以原文使用了英语语法当中的助动词倒装结构,使句子更加简洁,避免重复。
以下是正经语法
助动词倒装结构是英语中一种常用的语法技巧,主要用于:
- 避免重复:在比较句或并列句中,可以避免重复的谓语动词。
- 强调:通过改变句子结构,可以突出某些信息。
- 简洁:使句子更加简洁明了。
在本文的比较句中使用时,通常是以下结构:
[主语1] [谓语] [宾语/补语] more/less than [助动词] [主语2]
这里的助动词可以是do, does, did, 或者be动词(is, am, are, was, were),具体形态要跟后半句的时态和主语2的人称和数量。
让我们看几个例句:
- She reads more books than does her brother. (完整形式:She reads more books than her brother reads books.)
- The new policy affects employees more significantly than did the old one. (完整形式:The new policy affects employees more significantly than the old one affected employees.)
- This restaurant serves better food than do most others in the area. (完整形式:This restaurant serves better food than most other restaurants in the area serve food.)
相较于比较句的助动词倒装,还有一些别的句子结构大家更熟悉,例如:
- He rarely goes to the gym, nor does his wife. (完整形式:He rarely goes to the gym, and his wife rarely goes to the gym.)
- Not only did she win the competition, but so did her teammate. (完整形式:She won the competition, and her teammate also won the competition.)
我们可以看到助动词倒装结构如何使句子更加简洁、有力,同时避免了不必要的重复。
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